ECMAScript 2016

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ECMAScript 2016


JavaScript Version Numbers
Old JS versions are named by numbers: ES5 (2009) and ES6 (2015).
From 2016, versions are named by year: ECMAScript 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, ...

New Features in ECMAScript 2016
This chapter introduces the new features in ECMAScript 2016:

JavaScript Exponentiation (**)
JavaScript Exponentiation assignment (**=)
JavaScript Array includes()


Exponentiation Operator
The exponentiation operator (**) raises the first operand to the power of the second operand.

Example

let x = 5;
let z = x ** 2;

Try it Yourself »

x ** y produces the same result as Math.pow(x, y):

Example

let x = 5;
let z = Math.pow(x,2);

Try it Yourself »


Exponentiation Assignment
The exponentiation assignment operator (**=) raises the value of a variable to the power of the right operand.

Example

let x = 5;
x **= 2;

Try it Yourself »

The Exponentiation Operator is supported in all modern browsers since March 2017:










Chrome 52
Edge 14
Firefox 52
Safari 10.1
Opera 39


Jul 2016
Aug 2016
Mar 2017
Mar 2017
Aug 2016










JavaScript Array includes()
ECMAScript 2016 introduced Array.includes to arrays.
This allows us to check if an element is present in an array:

Example

const fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];
fruits.includes("Mango");

Try it Yourself »

Array.includes is supported in all modern browsers since August 2016:










Chrome 47
Edge 14
Firefox 43
Safari 9
Opera 34


Dec 2015
Aug 2016
Dec 2015
Oct 2015
Dec 2015
















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Reference: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_2016.asp